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Sloss Furnaces National Historic Landmark

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Added On:	November 17, 2010 - 05:40 PM UTC
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Last Modified:	November 17, 2010 - 11:32 PM UTC
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Address
20 32nd St N, Birmingham, AL 35222, USA (Birmingham, Alabama)

Information
Sloss Furnaces This National Historic Landmark in Birmingham, Alabama once functioned as a blast furnace, smelting iron ore with coke (a distilled charcoal made from black coal) and limestone to produce pig iron. Pig iron is used to create cast iron, wrought iron or steel. The Sloss Furnaces facility was constructed when the city of Birmingham was barely a decade old. Today, it stands as a reminder of the early industrial businesses that caused the city's economy to thrive after the American Civil War, leading to Birmingham's nickname, the "Magic City." It also serves as a reminder of the unsafe and poor working conditions suffered by industrial employees during the 19th and early 20th Centuries. It is believed by some that the negative work conditions and occasionally fatal accidents in the facility (and elsewhere) have led to the haunting of Sloss Furnaces by workers whose shifts (and lives) ended long ago. This haunted reputation has, in turn, led to the facility's use as a large seasonal haunted attraction known as Sloss Fright Furnace. James Withers Sloss The Sloss Furnaces are named for James Withers Sloss, its primary founder. Sloss (born April 7, 1820) was a businessman who had initially built his fortune from a plantation and a store he operated in Athens, Alabama. Following his service as a Confederate Army colonel during the American Civil War, James Sloss became involved with the train and mining industries. During this time, he came to the realization that conditions existed in the newly formed city of Birmingham that would make it a perfect location for the production of pig iron, severely undercutting the costs of pig iron plants in the Northern states. Construction on the Sloss Furnace Company's pig iron furnaces began in June 1881 (the same month Birmingham celebrated its 10th anniversary). The facility, then known as the "City Furnace," began operation on April 18, 1882. A second blast furnace became operational on the following year. Despite the business thriving, James Sloss sold it and retired in 1886, only four years after the plant began operation. Sloss died only four more years after that, passing away on May 4, 1890. He was buried in nearby Oak Hill Cemetery. Sloss-Sheffield Steel and Iron Company The City Furnace was purchased in 1886 by John Johnston and Joseph Johnston (no relation). The company's name was changed to the Sloss Iron & Steel Company during the transition. The company continued to thrive under its new ownership. In 1902, the company's the name was changed again, this time to the Sloss-Sheffield Steel & Iron Company to reflect its acquisition of the Sheffield Iron Company and intention to produce steel as well as pig iron. While the company did not succeed in its goal of producing steel, it continued to expand and update, buying up other companies and creating new facilities over the decades to come. Sloss's original furnaces were completely replaced with the current ones by 1931. The company was sold two more times, to the U.S. Pipe and Foundary Company in 1952, and finally to the Jim Walter Corporation in 1969. By this time, the facility was out-of-date and failing to meet the standards of the U.S. Clean Air Act passed in 1963. The company also had become less profitable as local ore had already been mined and it became reliant on purchasing ore from mines farther away. Not quite two years after its purchase, the Jim Walter Corporation shutdown the Sloss Furnaces and donated the property to the Alabama State Fair Authority. National Historical Landmark The Sloss Furnaces was given to the Alabama State Fair Authority in the hopes that the property could be turned into a museum of industry. Within a few years, the Authority determined that the goal of preserving the property as a functional museum was not practical and began plans for demolition of the furnaces. The announcement caused an outcry from those who saw the furnaces as a symbol of Birmingham's early prosperity. In 1976, the Alabama State Fair Authority handed the property over to the city of Birmingham. In 1977, citizens of Birmingham voted to create a bond for more than three million dollars to preserve the aging industrial facility. For a time, a plan was considered that would have transformed the former iron foundry into an amusement park, but the idea eventually was decided against. The Sloss Furnaces gained National Historical Landmark status on May 29, 1981. In September of 1983, it opened to the public as a museum. Working Conditions at the Sloss Furnaces Much of the initial labor force at Sloss Furnaces was composed of former sharecroppers and slaves. The company built racially segregated housing right on the foundry's property. The housing was rented to employees at rates of $4 to $6 a month depending on whether it had one, two, or three bedrooms. The small houses were often in better condition to what the workers were used to in the factories, having such features as actual glass panes in the windows. Workers also had access to a company commissary where they could purchase necessities and furnishings with their wages or on company credit. These benefits made the employees even more dependent on the company, which strove to hire men with families in order to ensure their dependence on Sloss. At times, the lack of education and illiteracy among the labor force was taken advantage of by failing to let workers know when their credit brought them into overdraft. Some unfortunate workers wound up working for months with all of their wages going toward paying off their credit. The work was dangerous with employees breathing in toxic fumes from the ore processing, as well as the high temperatures and operation of heavy equipment. Workers reported sensations of being light-headed or drunk from breathing the vapors in some work areas. Employees worked six to seven days a week, with shifts lasting anywhere from 10 to 24 hours depending on company needs. There was no overtime pay. Still, the wages earned were better than the living made by share-cropping, which had similar demands on hours. However, as bad as the conditions were at Sloss, they paled in comparison to the working conditions in the company's nearby mines. And in those cases, some of the workers did not have a choice but to work there. Convict Labor Other large contributors to the early workforce for Sloss-Sheffield holdings were work gangs formed from prisoners leased to the company as part of Alabama's convict leasing program. This practice (not exclusive to Alabama) brought criticism that the South was still utilizing a form of slave labor to drive its industry. It also eventually became apparent that people were being sentenced to work gangs for minor offenses because the practice was profitable for law enforcement. Thousands of men and women (largely, but not entirely, composed of African Americans) convicted of misdemeanors found themselves working as slave labor for farms, mining companies and other industries. Some investigations into prison labor revealed people being held in work camps without any documentation stating the length of time they were to serve or that they had even been convicted of a crime to begin with. While the Sloss Furnaces reportedly did not use inmate labor, several of Sloss-Sheffield's nearby mines that produced the ore used in the factory did - making it an integral part of Sloss's dark history. The often unskilled prison laborers worked in hazardous conditions, facing the very real potential for crippling injuries and death by cave-ins in the mines, explosions and other work accidents. Living conditions in the camps were also hazardous and diseases spread easily. Various estimates have stated that anywhere from 40 to 90 convict laborers died out of every 1,000. In order to save money, guards hired to monitor the convicts were supplemented by placing some prisoners in positions of authority over the other prisoners. Often punishment of prison laborers was left to these informal guards (called trustees) and foremen (known as straw bosses) to perform. The abuse was doled out with some frequency; a report from one convict inspector stated that 248 "darkies" were disciplined during his month-long inspection of Sloss-Sheffield's Coalburg Mine. Black convicts faced physical torture, such as beatings with rubber hoses or whips, for minor offenses or for failing to meet mining quotas. Most often, but not always, Caucasian prisoners were punished with solitary confinement for the same offenses. However, it was the torture and death of one of the white inmates at a Sloss-Sheffield prison camp that finally brought about the downfall of Alabama's practice of leasing prisoners to farms and companies as cheap labor. The Murders of Frank Harper and James Knox On August 6, 1924, 30-year-old inmate Frank Harper died from injuries sustained at Sloss-Sheffield's Flat Top Mine prison camp, which is also located in Jefferson County. The convict's injuries were the result of his being kicked down a stairwell by Flat Top's deputy warden, W.A. Bates. Harper was an African American and his murder might have gone unnoticed had it not been for another convict dying a week later. James W. Knox, an overweight young man convicted of check forgery, died on August 14, 1924 after only serving eight days of a 10 year sentence at Sloss-Sheffield's Flat Top mining facility. While it was initially claimed that the convict had taken his own life by drinking bichloride of mercury, an investigation revealed that Knox had died from heart failure brought on by torture. James Knox had refused to continue working in the mines, citing his obesity as making the work near impossible for him. Two African-American trustees named Joe Payne and Homer Anderson had been given the order to torture Knox by Cecil Houston, another inmate serving as a straw boss at the prison camp. After being whipped with a thick metal wire, James Knox was hung upside-down and dunked in a vat of scalding water in the prison laundry. Already taxed by his weight, Knox's heart gave out under the stress caused by the dunking. The prison camp warden, Charles H. Davis, attempted to cover up the death by having bichloride of mercury injected into the dead man's stomach. An autopsy revealed that the chemical was present in the stomach but that it had not been absorbed into Knox's system. The conspirators had made the mistake of claiming that James Knox had died only a half an hour after ingesting the poison. This aroused suspicion which led to the investigation; that type of poison would have led to a far slower death. All four men were convicted for the parts they played in the crime. Some outrage was publicly expressed that Knox, a white man, had been tortured and killed by a pair of black men. A later trial convicted W.A. Bates of the murder of Frank Harper. The second case was treated almost as a footnote in news articles dealing with the trials. Some books on the subject of convict labor practices in the South mistakenly claim that James Knox was an African American, this is possibly due to an accidental commingling of his story with that of Frank Harper's. The Knox/Harper murders cast a dark pall over the Sloss-Sheffield company and the entire industry making it a dark footnote in the history of Sloss Furnaces. The murders are also notable due to their possible role in the modern mythology of the facility, despite the fact that they occurred elsewhere. Stories of ghosts and strange activity have been reported at the landmark for years and, as is common at other reputedly haunted locations, tales began to emerge that attempted to explain the origins for the activity. While some of these legends do have some basis in fact, sometimes the actual events behind the tales took place in other Sloss-Sheffield holdings or other iron furnaces in the Birmingham area. The Ghosts and Legends of the Sloss Furnaces In recent years, the reputed haunting of the Sloss Furnaces has attracted a following by those interested in paranormal activity. While its ghosts first gained worldwide notoriety when the establishment appeared on the Fox Family series, Scariest Places on Earth, the actual stories and legends have become so intertwined, it has become difficult to sort the fact from the fiction. Part of this is due to the legend of the furnaces created by its annual Halloween haunted attraction, Sloss Fright Furnace, which is often confused for the truth. These legends aside, most sources list two primary spirits said to reside on the grounds of Sloss Furnaces. The first ghost said to reside at the furnaces is that of a young woman. According to the story, the girl came to Sloss in the early-1900s with the sole intention of taking her own life after discovering that she was pregnant. Unfortunately, the girl was not married and faced the very true prospects of being ostracized by society. Unable to face the humiliation, the girl was said to have climbed to the top of one of the furnaces and, to the horror of the men working nearby, jumped to her death in the molten ore. Various books on the subject go on to report that for years after, a white deer would run through the crowds that had assembled for various ceremonies and the general consensus of those involved was that the deer was the spirit of the young woman. While the story continues to thrive to this day, details are vague. According to some, the woman's name, age, and even year of death have been lost to time. To others, in the absence of no historical records documenting such an event, the story remains simply a legend. One ghost said to reside at the Sloss Furnaces is supported by history, although his death actually occurred elsewhere. Richard Jowers (some sources list the fictional name of Theophilus Calvin Jowers that was created by author Kathryn Tucker Windham) was an assistant foundryman at Alice Furnace Number One across town when he fell to his death on September 9, 1887 (others report the incident occurred on September 10) while attempting to repair the charging apparatus. Some accounts have Jowers falling into molten iron and gruesomely reports that workers were only able to fish out his head, hip bones, and bowels from the furnace. Historical and paranormal books both agree that workers at the Alice Furnace Number One immediately began to report the sight of shimmering figure, assumed to be the ghost of Jowers, moving about in the fumes and smoke when the molten iron was released from the furnace. The same reports have the ghost of Jowers moving to Alice Furnace Number Two after Number One was closed in 1905. When Furnace Number Two was blown out in 1927 and dismantled in 1929, the ghost was said to move on to the only remaining furnaces in town - the Sloss Furnaces. The source that helped fuel the Jowers-at-Sloss rumors would appear to add credence to the claims. It was Jowers's own son who reported seeing a figure that he assumed to be his father walking through the sparks where the heat would have been too intense for any human being to stand. He reportedly saw the figure multiple times. The story of Richard Jowers is said to have been the inspiration for probably the most famous of the fictional ghost stories of Sloss Furnaces - James "Slag" Wormwood. According to the legend, Slag Wormwood was the foreman of the graveyard shift at Sloss. He was mean, ruthless, and was eager to impress his bosses by pushing his men into dangerous situations to increase production. The legend states that over 40 men died under his supervision until Slag, himself, met his own untimely end by falling (not so coincidentally) into Alice Furnace #1 (or "Big Alice"). According to the tale, Slag's ghost spirit returned to Sloss Furnaces to further punish the slackers and is most commonly seen or felt in the months of September and October. As the last part of the legend hints, the story of James "Slag" Wormwood is the creation of the Halloween haunted attraction, Sloss Fright Furnace, and adds to the theme of the event. However, the story has been so pervasive that it has made it into both books and television shows that erroneously present it as fact. While the legend of Slag Wormwood can be traced back to the fatal accident that took the life of Richard Jowers, the similarities of the stories end there. By most accounts, Jowers was highly respected by the men under his supervision and had none of Slag's nasty traits. Similarly, though the legend suggests that Alice Furnace Number One is on the ground of the Sloss Furnaces, it was actually across town in Birmingham and was not even owned by the Sloss-Sheffield Steel and Iron Company, but rather the Debardeleben Coal and Iron Company at that time. The story of Jowers was further complicated when it was picked up by Alabama folklorist, Kathryn Tucker Windham. As mentioned above and for reasons unknown, Windham changed Jowers name to Theophilus Calvin Jowers when she related the ghost story in her 1978 book, The Ghost in the Sloss Furnaces. Since then, multiple sources refer to Jowers by that name or by the shortened name of Theo. The mythology of the Sloss Furnaces sometimes appears to overshadow the actual paranormal claims from the staff, investigators, and guests over the years. Workers in the Blower Building reported having tools and other objects moved on them after they set them down. Eyewitnesses have reported seeing glowing apparitions or shadow figures throughout the complex, but primarily in the catwalks and the tunnels. Footsteps, disembodied voices, and other strange sounds are also common. Yet others have reported the sensation of being touched, slapped, pushed, or even burned by an unseen entity. The tragic story of Richard Jowers is an excellent example of how the ghost stories of Sloss Furnaces have evolved into their own folklore. Similarly, vague tales of men being murdered by being boiled alive at the furnaces that are reported by some sources are quite possibly traced back to the murders of Knox and Harper. The Sloss Furnaces National Historic Landmark is a sole reminder of the past iron industry in Birmingham - a town that was once inundated with similar furnaces that have since vanished from the landscape. Some of the very real tragedies that occurred at Sloss and other similar furnaces in the area are forgotten in favor of these legends. Ironically enough, an examination of the documented incidents could possibly shed some light on the origins of some of the mythology. The Deaths in Birmingham Furnaces Historians freely admit that the actual number of men that died while working in the Sloss Furnaces might never be known. According to their reports, most of the men that died on the job were black laborers and their deaths were either not documented or the reports on the circumstances were incomplete. Even still, there were a number of deaths at the facility over its several decades of service that were documented in newspaper articles at the time. One of the first accidents to occur at Sloss happened during its early days and is related in the book, Sloss Furnaces and the Rise of the Birmingham District: An Industrial Epic by author Walter David Lewis. In November 1882, two black laborers by the names of Aleck King and Bob May were tasked with removing ore and coke that has burned to the brick walls of the Number One furnace. The two men were lowered into the interior of the furnace and began to dislodge the material, which felt into the materials in the hearth that were still smoldering. The resulting smoke and gas quickly overcame the men and they fell to their deaths. The book goes on to report that a crowd quickly assembled to gape at the men's burned remains. The deaths of Aleck King and Bob May are part of the folklore of the Sloss Furnaces to this day, though their names are generally left out of most accounts. The story is most often associated with Furnace Number One on the site today, although this might not be entirely accurate. According to that Historic Landmark's official site (see Related Sites below), the Number One furnace that took their lives was part of the original furnace complex, which has since been replaced. In fact, the oldest building in the complex dates back to 1902, which did not exist until twenty years after the accident. It is entirely possible that scraps or parts of the original structure were used in the construction of the new Furnace Number One, but this has been unverified. The New York Times reported on another accident that occurred on February 4, 1892 at the Sloss Furnaces that immediately took the lives of two men and injured several more - possibly critically. According to the report, a new hot blast stove was being erected when a scaffold inside the stove collapsed and dumped the eight men 58 feet to the bottom. Both John Staton and John Richie died immediately, while Will Harvey, P.J. Trammell, Job Wade, Jerry More, Henry Cutts, and Frank Wilcox all were injured. The article stated that outside More, the other five men were seriously injured and the injuries could prove fatal. No further reports could be found. One of the more intriguing accounts appeared five years later in the New York Times. With the headline, "Dead in a Furnace Tank," the article details the discovery of a body of a white man in a large open water tank at Sloss Furnaces by a young boy on August 4, 1897. The article graphically states that "...the body was cooked, and the flesh fell off in chunks as it was drawn from the vat." He was later identified as Joseph F. Webb who was a painter for the local Southern Railway shops in the city. He had been last seen at a bar the previous night and had stated he was heading home. However, the furnace was reportedly "...somewhat out of his way" from the direction of his home, which led to some of his friends to suspect foul play. Again, no further reports could be found so it is unknown if Webb was murdered or his death was an accident. The 1892 scaffold collapse and the 1897 discovery of Webb's body in a vat on the grounds are seemingly forgotten in the history of Sloss and generally go unreported. However, one tidbit included in the article of Joseph Webb could possibly provide some insight into the legend of the young woman who was said to commit suicide. The story states that when Webb was last seen, he was carrying a brand new pair of shoes for himself and a pair for his wife, which were found floating in the vat with his body. While it is nothing more than speculation, it is possible that the discovery of a pair of woman's shoes floating in a heated vat might have provided roots to the legend. Another account of fatalities at Sloss surrounds the Blower Room Number One. A rupture in the machine was said to have released scalding steam that instantly killed two unnamed men. While this account cannot be verified at this time, a similar incident occurred on November 26, 1902 at the nearby Williamson Furnace in Birmingham. In that case, a break in the furnace fatally burned the general manager and superintendent of the facility, Thomas J. Edwards, and a nearby stove man, James McAnnally. According to the report, Edwards "...was burned to a crisp." Two others were injured in the incident. Finally, another fatality was said to have occurred at the Blowing Engine Number One when a worker took his lunch break too close to the machinery and was pulled into the cog wheel where he was crushed. The name of the victim and the date of the accident are not included. Again, the reported accident cannot be verified at this time. The names of all the men that perished working at Sloss Furnaces may never be known. Aside from the accidents and hazardous conditions amongst toxic fumes, workers also faced disease outbreaks that spread throughout the living quarters. Indeed, a search of legal records finds various lawsuits that were filed by workers against Sloss-Sheffield Steel and Iron Company. The filings detail a variety of injuries, amputations, and even a few deaths that occurred during regular work. Given that the historic landmark is one of the remaining reminders of Birmingham's industrial past, it is entirely possible that some of its other legends were inherited from other facilities that have long since closed. These tragic reports coupled with the reports of the recent paranormal activity have generated a new worldwide interest in the historical site, which has only been strengthened by its appearance on several television shows. Sloss Furnaces on Television As is common with locations featured on the Fox Family television series, many credit the furnace's appearance on Scariest Places on Earth for introducing its ghost stories to the world. The segment was titled In the Belly of the Beast: The Steel Mill and originally aired on April 20, 2001. The history of the facility was touched upon and eyewitnesses shared their personal paranormal experiences. The segment also featured an investigation by the worldwide paranormal team, Para-Vision. The other segments of the episode included the Lair of the Wickedest Man on Earth (The Abbey of Thelema in Sicily - see The Abbey of Thelema), Cursed Italian Monastery Dare (Lucedio Abbey in Italy), and La Purisma (La Purisima Mission in Lompoc, California). Around the same time, the Sloss Furnaces were featured in the episode, Furnace Ghost, of the Lifetime series, Beyond Chance. The series, hosted by Melissa Etheridge, ran from 1999 through 2002 and featured women's stories that defied explanation. Sloss once again popped up on television, this time in an unusual place - on the A&E series, Airline! The series follows the everyday operations of the staff of Southwest Airlines, as well as its passengers. The episode, Things that Go Bump at the Airport, aired during the show's third season and debuted on May 9, 2005. It followed paranormal investigators, Patti and Chuck Starr of Ghost Chasers International, as they traveled to Birmingham where they met up with psychic, Chip Coffey, for an investigation of Sloss Furnaces. Ghost Adventures paid a visit to Sloss Furnaces for the fifth episode of the show's first season. The episode, Sloss Furnace, aired on November 14, 2008 and featured testimonies from eyewitnesses to paranormal activity, as well as Sloss historian Richard Neely (who had also been interviewed for Scariest Places on Earth) discussing deaths at Sloss. Sloss appeared on television once again in a sixth season episode of Syfy's Ghost Hunters. The episode aired on November 17, 2010 and was aptly titled, Sloss Furnaces. It featured a guest appearance by musician/actor, Meat Loaf, who had previously joined TAPS (The Atlantic Paranormal Society) when they investigated the Isle of Pines in Thousand Islands, New York in 2009. Events at Sloss Furnaces Today, Sloss serves as a venue for concerts and other events. In the spring, Sloss is home to the Muse of Fire Shakespeare Festival. The summer brings the Stokin' the Fire Barbecue and Music Festival. In the fall, a portion of the old foundry is transformed into a Halloween haunted attraction (see Sloss Fright Furnace). On occassion, the facility had been known to explore its paranormal folklore with the Sloss Furnaces Historic Ghost Tour. Check the official Sloss Furnaces Web site (see Related Sites below) for the upcoming calendar of these events and more. Visiting Sloss Furnaces Visitors to Sloss Furnaces can take self-guided tours. There is also a cell phone tour that is available to cell phone users who choose the option. Guided tours can be arranged by booking in advance. Besides offering tours, Sloss serves as venue for a number artists who craft in metal. It also offers classes for those who wish to learn how to work metal. Sloss Furnaces also can be rented for weddings and other social functions. Visit the Sloss Furnaces Web site (see Related Sites below) for details on days/hours of operation, costs and other details.

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Related Sites
Sloss Furnaces National Historic Landmark The official Web site for the reportedly haunted Sloss Furnaces museum in Birmingham, Alabama.
Wikipedia: Sloss Furnaces Wikipedia entry for the haunted industrial site, Sloss Furnaces, in Birmingham, Alabama.
Sloss Fright Furnace The official Web site for the Halloween haunted attraction, Sloss Fright Furnace, set at the reportedly haunted Sloss Furnaces historical site in Birmingham, Alabama.

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See Also on TheCabinet.com
There are no other pages on this site associated with this location.

Available from Amazon.com
Sloss Furnaces and the Rise of the Birmingham District: An Industrial Epic (History Amer Science & Technol)
Ghost in the Sloss Furnaces
Sloss Furnaces (Images of America)
Black Coal Miners in America: Race, Class, and Community Conflict, 1780-1980
Twice The Work of Free Labor (Haymarket Series)
Ghost Adventures: Season One
Haunted Places in the American South
Ghostly Cries From Dixie
The Face in the Window and Other Alabama Ghostlore
A Ghost in My Suitcase: A Guide to Haunted Travel in America
Dixie Spirits: True Tales of the Strange and Supernatural in the South (Second Edition)

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The above content is for informational purposes only. Before making any travel arrangements, it is highly recommended that you contact those in charge of the property to check for updated availability and hours of operation. While we do our best to keep this information updated, we cannot guarantee that it is completely valid and up to date. Any destination marked "Closed to the Public" is marked that for a reason and we discourage any visits or attempts to gain access to that facility. Similarly, take note of any "Travel Advisory" that may be associated with a destination. Finally, treat any location and its local residents with respect. Any vandalism and/or unruly behavior is completely despicable and only ruins the experience for future visitors.

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